Written by: Marco Galli, Diana Ion, Yash Gupta, Adrian Hernandez, Ana Martinez Gomez, Jon Daniels, Christopher Gardner
Introduction
In June 2024, Mandiant Managed Defense identified a cyber espionage group suspected to have a North Korea nexus, tracked by Mandiant under UNC2970. Later that month, Mandiant discovered additional phishing lures masquerading as an energy company and as an entity in the aerospace industry to target victims in these verticals.
UNC2970 targets victims under the guise of job openings, masquerading as a recruiter for prominent companies. Mandiant has observed UNC2970 copy and tailor job descriptions to fit their respective targets.
UNC2970 engaged with the victim over email and WhatsApp and ultimately shared a malicious archive that is purported to contain the job description in PDF file format. The PDF file has been encrypted and can only be opened with the included trojanized version of SumatraPDF to ultimately deliver MISTPEN backdoor via BURNBOOK launcher.
Mandiant observed UNC2970 modify the open source code of an older SumatraPDF version as part of this campaign. This is not a compromise of SumatraPDF, nor is there any inherent vulnerability in SumatraPDF. Upon discovery, Mandiant alerted SumatraPDF of this campaign for general awareness.
Overview
UNC2970 relies on legitimate job description content to target victims employed in U.S. critical infrastructure verticals. The job description is delivered to the victim in a password-protected ZIP archive containing an encrypted PDF file and a modified version of an open-source PDF viewer application.
Mandiant noted slight modifications between the delivered job descriptions and their originals, including the required qualifications, experience and skills, likely to better align with the victim's profile. Moreover, the chosen job descriptions target senior-/manager-level employees. This suggests the threat actor aims to gain access to sensitive and confidential information that is typically restricted to higher-level employees.
To illustrate this, Mandiant analyzed the differences between the original job description and UNC2970's job description included in the ZIP archive.
Figure 1: Page 1 of PDF lure
For example, under the "Required Education, Experience, & Skills" section, the original post mentions "United States Air Force or highly comparable experience," while the malicious PDF omits this line. Another omitted line is under the "Preferred Education, Experience, & Skills" section, where the original job description includes "Preferred location McLean, Virginia."
Figure 2: Original vs. modified
Additionally, Mandiant discovered a similar ZIP archive that was uploaded to VirusTotal, having an identical structure, but containing a different job description. The PDF content is consistent with a legitimate job description from the nuclear energy sector.
The Infection Chain Explained
Mandiant Managed Defense discovered that the victim downloaded and opened a password protected ZIP archive received through WhatsApp chat, expecting to see a document containing a job description. Upon analysis, the ZIP archive contains several files, briefly described in Table 1:
|
File |
Description |
|
BAE_VICE President of Business Development.pdf (MD5: 28a75771ebdb96d9b49c9369918ca581) |
An encrypted file containing both the PDF lure displayed to the user and the MISTPEN backdoor |
|
libmupdf.dll (MD5: 57e8a7ef21e7586d008d4116d70062a6) |
A trojanized dynamic-link library (DLL) file required by SumatraPDF.exe, tracked as BURNBOOK. This file is a dropper for an embedded DLL, "wtsapi32.dll", which is tracked as TEARPAGE and used to execute the MISTPEN backdoor after the system is rebooted. |
|
PdfFilter.dll (MD5: cefc7b6e95f5a985b7319021441ae4e7) |
A legitimate DLL file required by SumatraPDF.exe |
|
PdfPreview.dll (MD5: 2505610c490d24a98da730100175f262) |
A legitimate DLL file required by SumatraPDF.exe |
|
SumatraPDF.exe (MD5: 91841e006225ac500de7630740a21d91) |
A legitimate open-source PDF viewer application component, version 3.3.3 |
Based on the surrounding context, the user was likely instructed to open the PDF file with the enclosed trojanized PDF viewer program based on the open-source project SumatraPDF. As previously stated, this technique did not employ a vulnerability in the original SumatraPDF source code.
SumatraPDF is an open-source document viewing application that is capable of viewing multiple document file formats such as PDF, XPS, and CHM, along with many more. Its source code is publically available.
When accessed this way, the DLL files are loaded by the SumatraPDF.exe executable, including the trojanized libmupdf.dll file representing the first stage of the infection chain. This file is responsible for decrypting the contents of BAE_Vice President of Business Development.pdf, thus allowing the job description document to be displayed as well as loading into memory the payload named MISTPEN. Mandiant found that later versions (after 3.4.3) of SumatraPDF implement countermeasures to prevent modified versions of this DLL from being loaded.
MISTPEN is a trojanized version of a legitimate Notepad++ plugin, binhex.dll, which contains a backdoor.
Libmupdf.dll also writes the encrypted backdoor to disk into a new file named thumbs.ini and creates a scheduled task named Sumatra Launcher to execute the backdoor daily using the legitimate Windows binary BdeUISrv.exe, which loads the wtsapi32.dll file through DLL search-order hijacking.
Figure 3: Infection lifecycle diagram
Analysis of BURNBOOK (libmupdf.dll)
BURNBOOK is a launcher written in C/C++ that is capable of executing an encrypted payload stored in a file and writing it to disk.
This file is a modified version of a legitimate DLL file used by the SumatraPDF.exe binary. The DLL contains malicious code that is triggered when the user opens the PDF lure (BAE_Vice President of Business Development.pdf) using the provided SumatraPDF.exe file.
BAE_Vice President of Business Development.pdf has the following structure and contents:
|
File Offset |
Value Description |
|
0x0 - 0x7 |
Offset used to determine the end of the encrypted PDF file |
|
0x8 - 0x27 |
ChaCha20 key |
|
0x28 - 0x33 |
ChaCha20 nonce |
|
0x34 - [PDF Offset] |
Encrypted PDF file |
|
0x4DF1D - 0x4DF24 |
Size of the encrypted DLL |
|
0x4DF25 - EOF |
Encrypted DLL |
Phase 1: Initial Setup and Decryption
The sample commences by reading the first 8 bytes of the PDF file, storing this value as a marker to determine the end of the embedded encrypted PDF file. The next 32 bytes (key) and 12 bytes (nonce) are read from the file and used to initialize a ChaCha20 cipher. The cipher's initial state is stored in memory.
Figure 4: The ChaCha20 cipher is initialized
The remaining bytes (starting from offset 0x34 and looping until the PDF offset is reached) are decrypted in chunks of 0x1000 (4092) bytes using the ChaCha20 cipher. The decrypted data, representing a PDF file, is written to the system's temporary folder and will be displayed by the PDF viewer if the sample passes a network connectivity check to google[.]com.
Figure 5: The embedded PDF file is decrypted using the cipher
Phase 2: Backdoor Extraction and Execution
Upon reaching the offset retrieved in the first phase, the function reads 8 bytes signifying the size of the encrypted backdoor DLL, which is subsequently read from the file. The same ChaCha20 cipher (without resetting) is used to decrypt the backdoor DLL, which is then reflectively loaded into the memory space of SumatraPDF.exe and executed.
Figure 6: The backdoor DLL (MISTPEN) is decrypted
Phase 3: Persistence and Re-Encryption
The sample extracts wtsapi32.dll from its resource section and copies BdeUISrv.exe from the System32 directory, placing both files in the %APPDATA%\Microsoft\BDE UI Launcher directory for persistence. Following this, the ChaCha20 cipher is reset, with the original key and nonce being reused to re-encrypt the in-memory DLL containing the backdoor code. The re-encrypted data, along with the key and nonce, are written to %APPDATA%\Thumbs.ini. These steps ensure that Thumbs.ini and the PDF file both contain the same encrypted DLL but with different ciphertexts.
Finally, the sample creates a scheduled task named Sumatra Launcher, which executes %APPDATA%\Microsoft\BDE UI Launcher\BdeUISrv.exe daily when the user logs in. This is further discussed under the analysis of TEARPAGE.
Analysis of MISTPEN
MISTPEN is a lightweight backdoor written in C whose main functionality is to download and execute Portable Executable (PE) files.
The backdoor is a modification of the open-source Notepad++ binhex plugin v2.0.0.1 where the creation of a thread that executes the malicious code has been added to the DllMain function.
MISTPEN decrypts a token using AES with the key EF 0D 4E A6 D8 B8 E8 73 DF 17 5C 0B 51 F6 3B 33, which is then used to access a Microsoft API endpoint in the following request:
Request type: POST
Request URI: https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/v2.0/token"
Body: grant_type=refresh_token &refresh_token=0.AScAuGeUx8-5OkufugCaUtV
EuwXupyYCVnZNp7rq6Le2eUEnAME.AgABAwEAAADnfolhJpSnRYB1SVj-Hgd8
AgDs_wUA9P_z3EI-It1YbdHPtZaMoegHpfKNHgO9rjjC9plVmHfYhva9utOdkzbp
o-p4m5uoLzuQu9kJmCqXpdDteicUF5Fd7XfcVBpe5Vu1TOhxQoP-k1HJmiLRg
GcdzWMa3aYVzdfnNsAlV8n-061gnUDKNxHYL4xTz1jymmhRGzZ1KOOiJLs7e
j0A8fMNSqvTwp_UF7upYw5yI81UTRsBN9hbpGpLnMb_WIOMvX-Bcm3CtCHjf
Lzij1n... <REDACTED>This MISTPEN sample communicates over HTTP with the following Microsoft Graph URLs:
-
hxxps[:]//login[.]microsoftonline[.]com/common/oauth2/v2.0/token -
hxxps[:]//graph[.]microsoft[.]com/v1.0/me/drive/root:/path/upload/hello/ -
hxxps://graph.microsoft[.]com/v1.0/me/drive/root:/path/upload/world/ -
hxxps://graph.microsoft[.]com/v1.0/me/drive/items/
The backdoor reads configuration data from the file setup.bin if it exists within the same directory. The configuration data includes the sleep time and an ID. The backdoor sleeps for the configured time and sends the message "Hi,I m just woke up!" to its command-and-control (C2 or C&C) server.
Otherwise, the backdoor generates a random hexadecimal ID and sends the time and timezone to its C2. If the backdoor fails to get the time information, the backdoor sends the message "Hi,I am New" to its C2 instead.
On the infected host, Mandiant observed a suspicious network connection from the SumatraPDF.exe process towards a compromised SharePoint domain belonging to a university. As this connection occurred after MISTPEN execution, Mandiant assesses that the SharePoint URL was part of the in-memory execution of payloads sent to the backdoor after establishing communication with the C2, leaving no other traces on disk.
The backdoor includes code to support more than one token, selecting randomly the one to use.
Backdoor Commands
The backdoor supports the following commands:
-
d: The backdoor parses, loads into memory, and executes the received PE payload. The backdoor sends a message to its C2 that contains the result from the executed code or the string: "Loaded at <p>" where<p>is a hexadecimal address. -
e: The backdoor sends the message "DEAD"to its C2 and terminates the process. -
f: The backdoor sends the message "Sleep Success" to its C2, sleeps for the specified time, and sends the message "Hi,I m just woke up!" to its C2. -
g: The backdoor sends the message "Hiber Success" to its C2 , updates the sleep time in the configuration with the received time, writes its configuration tosetup.bin, and sleeps for the configured time.
Analysis of TEARPAGE (wtsapi32.dll)
TEARPAGE, a loader embedded within the resource section of BURNBOOK, is loaded through DLL search order hijacking by the legitimate BdeUISrv.exe binary copied by the malware from its original location to the directory containing the loader. TEARPAGE decrypts an encrypted blob contained in the file %APPDATA%\Thumbs.ini. Table 3 describes the structure of this file:
|
File Offset |
Value Description |
|
0x0 - 0x1F |
ChaCha20 key |
|
0x20 - 0x2B |
ChaCha20 nonce |
|
0x2C - EOF |
Encrypted backdoor DLL |
%APPDATA%\Thumbs.ini structureThe sample retrieves the initial 32 bytes and the subsequent 12 bytes from %APPDATA%\Thumbs.ini, utilizing these values as the key and nonce respectively for the initialization of a ChaCha20 cipher. This cipher is then employed to decrypt the remaining contents of the file.
The resulting decrypted output is the MISTEPN backdoor, which is subsequently reflectively loaded into the memory space of BdeUISrv.exe and executed.
Figure 7: A pseudocode representation of the malicious code in wtsapi32.dll
Sample Comparison
Through open-source investigation, Mandiant identified a similar malicious archive containing the same SumatraPDF.exe binary; however, there are a few key differences in the BURNBOOK and MISTPEN samples as compared to specimens analyzed earlier in the post. Moreover, this second archive was created prior to the one discussed throughout this blog post. By highlighting the noticeable differences, we can clearly see an evolution in malware capabilities and stealthiness.
Missing Internet Connectivity Check in BURNBOOK
The BURNBOOK sample we analyzed includes a network connectivity check that prevents the trojanized reader from displaying the decrypted PDF lure if it cannot reach google[.]com. This feature is not present in the earlier sample.
Figure 8: BURNBOOK earlier version
Figure 9: BURNBOOK later version with connection check
Missing Command g in MISTPEN
The MISTPEN sample we analyzed supports the g command, which instructs the backdoor to save its configuration to a file named setup.bin. This file is also read by the backdoor when it first executes and thus allows MISTPEN to make its configuration persistent on the host. The earlier sample does not support this command, does not reference setup.bin, and does not save its configuration to disk.
Different C2 Infrastructure
The MISTPEN sample delivered by the earlier malicious archive does not communicate using Microsoft Graph and instead employs a set of HTTPS URLs consisting of compromised WordPress websites belonging to small businesses from across the world:
-
hxxps://bmtpakistan[.]com/solution/wp-content/plugins/one-click-demo-import/assets/asset.php— Construction company in Karachi, Pakistan -
hxxps://cmasedu[.]com/wp-content/plugins/kirki/inc/script.php— Education service company based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia -
hxxps://dstvdtt.co[.]za/wp-content/plugins/social-pug/assets/lib.php— Television installation company in South Africa
Furthermore, the d function in the earlier MISTPEN sample has a different implementation that uses an additional HTTP request in order to receive and parse PE files from the C2 server.
The usage of the AES encryption is also different in the two samples observed. The earlier sample uses AES to decrypt HTTPS URLs, while the later sample uses it to decrypt the token used to access the Microsoft Graph API.
Based on the differences we have highlighted, the threat actor has improved their malware over time by implementing new features and adding a network connectivity check to hinder the analysis of the samples.
Threat Actor Spotlight: UNC2970
In June 2024, Mandiant Managed Defense responded to an intrusion leveraging a job-themed phishing email to social engineer a victim to download a malicious archive from WhatsApp. The archive contained both the job description specifics and the implant components targeting a multinational energy company.
Mandiant Managed Defense has reported similar activity in 2022 attributed to UNC4034, which later got merged into UNC2970.
UNC2970 is a cyber espionage group tracked by Mandiant since 2021 suspected to have a North Korea nexus. This threat actor's activities overlap with those of TEMP.Hermit, a threat actor conducting collections of strategic intelligence aligned with North Korean interests that has been active since at least 2013.
Mandiant has observed UNC2970 targeting victims located in the United States, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Cyprus, Sweden, Germany, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Australia.
Acknowledgements
Martin Co, Muhammad Umer Khan, Mike Stokkel
Detection Opportunities
A Google Threat Intelligence Collection featuring indicators of compromise (IOCs) related to the activity described in this post is now available for registered users.
YARA Rules
rule M_Launcher_BURNBOOK_1 {
meta:
author = "Mandiant"
date_created = "2024-08-12"
date_modified = "2024-08-12"
md5 = "8c2302c2d43ebe5dda18b8d943436580"
rev = 1
strings:
$pk_magic = { 50 4B 03 04 }
$cd_magic = { 50 4B 01 02 }
$n1 = "libmupdf.dll"
$n2 = ".pdf"
$n3 = "PdfFilter.dll"
$n4 = "PdfPreview.dll"
$n5 = "SumatraPDF.exe"
condition:
uint32(0) == 0x04034b50 and for any i in (2 .. #pk_magic) :
( ($n1 in (@pk_magic[i] + 30 .. @pk_magic[i] + 30 +
uint16(@pk_magic[i] + 26))) and ($n1 in (@cd_magic[i] + 46 ..
@cd_magic[i] + 46 + uint16(@cd_magic[i] + 28))) ) and for any i in
(2 .. #pk_magic) : ( ($n2 in (@pk_magic[i] + 30 .. @pk_magic[i] + 30 +
uint16(@pk_magic[i] + 26))) and ($n2 in (@cd_magic[i] + 46 ..
@cd_magic[i] + 46 + uint16(@cd_magic[i] + 28))) ) and for any i in
(2 .. #pk_magic) : ( ($n3 in (@pk_magic[i] + 30 .. @pk_magic[i] + 30 +
uint16(@pk_magic[i] + 26))) and ($n3 in (@cd_magic[i] + 46 ..
@cd_magic[i] + 46 + uint16(@cd_magic[i] + 28))) ) and for any i in
(2 .. #pk_magic) : ( ($n4 in (@pk_magic[i] + 30 .. @pk_magic[i] + 30 +
uint16(@pk_magic[i] + 26))) and ($n4 in (@cd_magic[i] + 46 ..
@cd_magic[i] + 46 + uint16(@cd_magic[i] + 28))) ) and for any i in
(2 .. #pk_magic) : ( ($n5 in (@pk_magic[i] + 30 .. @pk_magic[i] + 30 +
uint16(@pk_magic[i] + 26))) and ($n5 in (@cd_magic[i] + 46 ..
@cd_magic[i] + 46 + uint16(@cd_magic[i] + 28))) )
}rule M_Launcher_BURNBOOK_2 {
meta:
author = "Mandiant"
date_created = "2024-08-12"
date_modified = "2024-08-12"
md5 = "57e8a7ef21e7586d008d4116d70062a6"
rev = 1
strings:
$parse_decoy_document = { FF 15 [4-32] 41 B8 08
00 00 00 [4-32] FF 15 [4] 85 C0 0F 8? [4-32] 48 83 ?? 08 48 3B
?? 0F 8? [4-32] 41 B8 20 00 00 00 [4-32] FF 15 [4] 85 C0 0F 8?
[4-32] 41 B8 0C 00 00 00 [4-32] FF 15 [4] 85 C0 0F 8? }
$chacha_marker = { 65 78 70 61 [0-12] 6E 64 20 33
[0-12] 32 2D 62 79 [0-12] 74 65 20 6B }
condition:
all of them
}rule M_APT_Backdoor_MISTPEN_2 {
meta:
author = "Mandiant"
date_created = "2024-08-13"
date_modified = "2024-08-13"
md5 = "eca8eb8871c7d8f0c6b9c3ce581416ed"
rev = 1
strings:
$s1 = "Cookie: _PHPSESSIONID="
$s2 = "%d_%s_%d"
$s3 = "DEAD" fullword
$s4_sleep_succcess = { 53 6C 65 65 [1-16] 70 20
53 75 [1-16] 63 63 65 73 [1-16] 73 00 }
$s5_hiber_success = { 48 69 62 65 [1-16] 72 20 53
75 [1-16] 63 63 65 73 [1-16] 73 00 }
$s6 = "Loaded at %p"
$s7 = "setup.bin" wide
$send_DEAD_signal = { 8B 05 [4] 48 C7 ?? FF FF FF
FF 89 45 ?? 0F B6 05 [4] 88 45 ?? 4? 8D [2-64] B9 40 00 00 00
FF 15 [4-8] 8? ?? 01 [1-32] 48 8D 48 08 E8 }
$const_marker = { 83 E3 09 81 C3 11 27 00 00 }
condition:
(uint16(0) == 0x5A4D and uint32(uint32(0x3C)) ==
0x00004550) and (6 of them or ($s1 and $s2 and $s3 and $s6))
}rule M_APT_Launcher_TEARPAGE_1 {
meta:
author = "Mandiant"
date_created = "2024-08-13"
date_modified = "2024-08-13"
md5 = "006cbff5d248ab4a1d756bce989830b9"
rev = 1
strings:
$load_encrypted_payload = { FF 15 [4-8] 83 F8 2C
0F 8? [4-32] 41 B8 20 00 00 00 [4-12] FF 15 [4] 85 C0 0F 8?
[4-32] 41 B8 0C 00 00 00 [4-12] FF 15 [4] 85 C0 0F 8? [4-32]
83 C6 D4 B9 40 00 00 00 [2-16] FF 15 }
$chacha_marker = { 65 78 70 61 [0-12] 6E 64 20
33 [0-12] 32 2D 62 79 [0-12] 74 65 20 6B }
$load_pe = { 81 3C [1-3] 50 45 00 00 [1-8] 8B [1-3]
50 [4-32] B9 FF FF 1F 00 [2-16] FF 15 [4-64] C7 44 24 [1-8] 40
00 00 00 C7 44 24 [1-8] 00 30 00 00 41 FF D? 85 C0 0F 8? }
condition:
all of them
}YARA-L Rules
Mandiant has made the relevant rules available in the Google SecOps Mandiant Intel Emerging Threats curated detections rule set. The activity discussed in the blog post is detected under the rule names:
-
BURNBOOK Related Files Dropping Activity
-
BURNBOOK C2 Callout Activity
-
BURNBOOK Payload Dropping Activity
Indicators of Compromise
Host-Based IOCs
|
IOC |
MD5 |
Associated Malware Family |
|---|---|---|
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Encrypted PDF containing MISTPEN payload |
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BURNBOOK |
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TEARPAGE |
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MISTPEN |
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|
MISTPEN |
Network-Based IOCs
|
URL |
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